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The Movement for the Restoration of Democracy ((ウルドゥー語:اتحاد برائے بحالی جمہوریت); known as MRD), was a historically populist and massive left–wing political alliance formed to oppose and end the military government of President General Zia-ul-Haq. Directed and chaired by Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan Peoples Party, its primary objectives and aims were to restoration of the democracy as well as gaining the civilian control of the military. Formed in February 1981, the alliance was noted for its left–wing orientation and had PPP, ANP, TeI, ''People's Movement'', JSQM, JUI(F), and Communist Party of Pakistan. The alliance was rooted from rural areas of Sindh Province and remained mostly nonviolent, was strongest among supporters of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP). Though it launched one of the most massive nonviolent movements in South Asia since the time of Gandhi, failure to expand beyond its southern stronghold combined with effective repression from the military led to its demise a year and half later. Although effective in its strategies, the alliance more quickly dissolved after the death of President Zia-ul-Haq in 1988 which marked its way for peaceful general elections, outlined the return of Pakistan Peoples Party in national power. ==Formation== In the 1970s, the events leading the to success of right-wing alliance, PNA, toppled and overthrow the government of left-oriented PPP. At the time of death of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, nearly 3,000 PPP activists and supporters were jailed, many of whom remained imprisoned for the next decade. President General Zia-ul-Haq was particularly unpopular in the Sindh Province, where support for the PPP remained relatively strong. In 1979, President General Zia-ul-Haq announced the implementation of Islamization program and pressed his ultraconservatism policies in the country.〔Bin Sayeed, Khalid (1984). "Pakistan in 1983: Internal stresses more serious than external problems". Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1983: Part II. Pp. 219 – 228.〕 Following the invasive Russian invasion of Afghanistan, President Zia exercised more repressive policies to curb the communist influence in the country, whilst escalating the insurgency in Pashtun-domaniated Khyber province in Western Pakistan.〔Ali Shah, Mehtab. (1997). The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971- 1994. I.B. Tauris & Co.: London.〕 In response, the former rivals, ANP and CPP, decided to opposed President Zia's actions in the country, ultimately the left-wing sphere formed the alliance with the PPP which being the influential of all left-wing parties. In 1981, PPP persuasively reached out to left-wing organizations in the country and started its political function after calling the end of military regime of President Zia-ul-Haq. At the time of the formation of the Movement for Restoration of Democracy in 1982, the MRD alliance had launched a potent struggle against Zia-ul Haq's rule, especially in rural Sindh.〔Duncan, Emma (1989). Breaking the Curfew: A Political Journey Through Pakistan. Penguin Group: London〕 Military force and repression was used against agitators and the movement was crushed.〔(Martyrs of MRD Movement 1983 ) Frontier Post retrieved September 29, 2008〕 Despite its set backs, the MRD was significant for mounting a political pressure on President Zia to hold the elections. Convinced that party-based elections would not bring the "positive results" he had been talking of, he decided to hold non-party elections in 1985. But before doing so, he secured his election as president through a referendum. In 1984, Benazir Bhutto and the MRD notably boycotted the 1984 presidential referendum, following making another call for boycotting the 1985 general elections, to be held under President Zia-ul-Haq. Successfully boycotting the 1984 referendum and 1985 elections, proved to be a serious miscalculation despite confident of enjoying huge popular support.〔 Contrary to MRD's expectations, the voters turned to these polls were in large numbers.〔 The MRD soon realized that it had miscalculated badly, that it should have fought the elections on Zia’s terms.〔 The PML, ''JeI'', and MQM were the only parties which contested in the election, while the MRD boycotted the election. To a greater extent, the MRD's was hailing from Sindh where the left-wing orientation was much stronger than any other provinces of the country. The Communist Party, with the support from USSR, began its political operations in Sindh and ultimately calling for civil disobedience against the military regime. In response, the communist party leader, Jam Saki, was brought to a secret trial in Sindh High Court, later directed to military courts. The MRD had united the left-wing mass of the country and the most prominent leaders of the MRD were: Nusrat Bhutto, her daughter Benazir Bhutto, Rasul Bux, Abdul Wali Khan, Jam Saqi and among others. Thousands of the activists were jailed across the country especially in Sindh.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Movement for the Restoration of Democracy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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